Immunoglobulins that are formed to act against foreign cells or substances are called:

Antibodies are the Immunoglobulins that are formed to act against foreign cells or substances. Antibodies are produced by B- lymphocytes against the antigens that come from outside the body.

The encounter of antigen with B- cells actives the B-cells which then converts into memory B-cell and plasma B-cell. Memory B-cell allows the recognition of antigen after its second exposure in the body and initiates rapid response by activating B and T cells.

Plasma B-cells produce lots of antibodies which have antigen-binding site and binds to the epitope of the antigen and helps in killing the antigen by making the antigen recognized by phagocytic cells. The phagocytic cells engulf the antigen-antibody complex and destroys the pathogen.

a. as the temperature increases, the kinetic energy of the gas molecules increases & the molecules move faster & further away from each other.

b. if you decrease the temperature of a fixed amount of gas at constant pressure, the combined gas law reduces to charles's law. in this case, volume will also decrease.