Which mutation causes either the inclusion of an extra chromosome in offspring or the deletion of an entire chromosome?
a) deletion
b) insertion
c) crossing-over
d) non-disjunction

A) deletion

Explanation:

Deletion is the loss of one of a chromosome or even an entire chromosome. The loss of nucleotide sequences by the genome of an organism implies failures in the pairing of chromosomes in meiosis, which can lead to syndromes such as cry du chat (cat's cry), characterized by neurological dysfunctions and changes in facial structure.

not only is it colder, it also becomes darker, less salty, and more dense.

idk what the options are but

these is a strong electrostatic attraction between the ions hence a lot of energy is needed to overcome this attraction

this is why the boiling points are so high