What is the adaptive advantage of lungs?

In fruit flies, gray bodies (g) are dominant over black bodies (g), and brown pigments (n) are dominant over yellow pigments (n). each individual possesses two alleles for each trait. if a fly that is homozygous dominant for both traits is crossed with a fly that is homozygous recessive for both traits, what is the predicted genotype of the offspring.

Which line in the graph above best illustrates an effect of the carbon dioxide level in the blood on breathing rate before, during and after a period of exercise? 1.b,2.c,3.a,4.d

In general, characteristics that an organism survive and reproduce become more common in a population over time. what mechanism of evolution cause this change?