At one point, scientists observed that the ozone shield was getting thinner. they warned that the loss of the effectiveness of this shield may lead to an increase in
(1)allergies to ozone
(2)mutations that lead to cancer
(3)viral diseases, such as aids
(4)ice formation at the poles

With the description of the different cell walls, membranes, and associated proteins set in the students' minds, you now need to introduce them to the idea that the cell wall can also act as a foundation to build things upon. bacterial appendages require a strong foundation that will offer the support needed to move and function in a dynamic world. for example, flagella are long, whiplike protein structures that are used by many gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria for locomotion. in order to function effectively, a flagellum must be firmly anchored to the cell wall. how will you be able to get across the idea that the peptidoglycan cell wall is strong enough to support such a mechanism? with a protein rod that passes through the cell wall and protein rings used to anchor it in the membranes, these basal bodies are the rudimentary biological motors that use atp power to spin the hook and the flagella attached to it. bacterial flagella have a biological motor that spins within the cell wall and is powered by atp. this allows the flagella to spin in a whiplike motion to propel the bacterium.

Atypical human cell is approximately 12.00 μm in diameter and enclosed by a membrane that is 5.000 nm thick. (a) what is the volume of the cell including the membrane? (b) what is the volume of the cell membrane? (c) what percent of the total volume does its membrane occupy? to simplify the calculations, model the cell as a sphere. enter your answers using four significant figures.

3points hurry! what is the relationship between biotechnology, sharkskin, and disease resistance? bioengineers have developed an artificial sharkskin that does not allow resistant bacteria to grow on it. disease-causing microbes have been genetically modified to keep them from infecting the skins of sharks. scientists have created a device that can be attached to the skins of sharks that dramatically increases their abilities to resist disease. sharkskin produces many chemicals that can be collected and used to create antibiotics.