Short antennae is considered a convergent trait across the several beetle lineages that evolved aquatic lifestyles independently. Researchers propose that short antennae reduce drag during swimming, which explains why this adaptive trait has evolved multiple times, associated with transitions to aquatic lifestyles. However, simply comparing average antennal lengths (relative to body size) across species is not enough to test the hypothesis that this trait is an adaptation to aquatic lifestyles since aquatic beetle species are not independent observations. A) Explain why aquatic beetle species are not independent observations. (2 pts) B) Propose an approach to test the hypothesis that having short antennae is an adaptation to aquatic lifestyles across beetle species.

answer:

the water molecules are transferred from the roots to the stem or top parts of the tall tree because of important properties of water which are adhesion, cohesion and capillary action. cohesion is the property of water molecules keeps water molecules in a combined state by sharing of bonds between them at the atomic level. adhesion allows the interaction of water molecules with other substances or substrate. adhesion will cause the attachment of water molecules to the wall of the vessel (xylem) of the plant. capillary action occurs when the adhesive force to the vessel wall is stronger than the cohesive force between water molecules. capillary action mimics the transfer of water from a tube or pipe. in this way water utilizes its property to transfer water from down to top level of the plant.  

colors do exist. the color of the sky is actually violet; humans percieve the color of the sky as blue.

answercells,tissues,organs,organ,system-organism;

levels of biological organization; organism,population,community,ecosystem,biome,biosphere,

hope this .good luck