d) Assume that two students started with the seam photomicrograph. One student concluded that the patient had Down syndrome. The other student concluded that the patient had Edwards's syndrome. Explain how this could happen.​

Karotyping is a chromosomal analysis. It can be used to look for diseases caused by irregularities in the chromosomes, such as Down syndrome.

Explanation:

Karotyping is a chromosomal analysis of the chromosomal constitution of the nucleus of a cell, which is equal to the complete chromosomal makeup of a person. The chromosomes of each species have a certain structure both in size, shape and their own band when they are stained in the laboratory. This allows them to be identified as well as to know if all the genetic information is in the correct order. In addition to numerical abnormalities in chromosomes, structural alterations mean that certain chromosomal regions can be duplicated or even absent. This gain or loss of genetic material has highly varied consequences depending on the genes involved. Another type of structural alterations are translocations and inversions. The karyotype can be studied in search of diseases caused by irregularities in the chromosomes, such as Down syndrome. It also helps to identify problems that a baby conceived through assisted reproduction may have when it is born, by extracting the karyotype that is found in the amniotic fluid of the embryo.