When researchers were trying to develop methods of introducing transgenes into mammalian cells, they noticed that the transformation efficiency using linear DNA was typically greater than it was using circular DNA. Why does the particular form of the DNA affect transformation efficiency?

Neelaredoxin is a 15-kda protein that is a gene product common in anaerobic prokaryotes. it has superoxide-scavenging activity, and it is constitutively expressed. in addition, its expression is not further induced during its exposure to o2 or h2o2 (silva, g., et al. 2001. j. bacteriol. 183: 4413–4420). which of the following statements best describes neelaredoxin synthesis? a-neelaredoxin is produced at all times; levels are constant even when exposed to o2 or h2o2.b-neelaredoxin is produced at all times; exposure to o2 or h2o2 increases expression. c-neelaredoxin is produced at all times; exposure to o2 or h2o2 decreases or prevents expression. d-neelaredoxin is only produced when there is exposure to o2 or h2o2.

Most animal cells membranes have proteins that pump ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell

Which organ controls breathing? lungs alveoli heart diaphragm