In summer squash, white fruit color (W) is dominant over yellow fruit color (w) and disk shaped fruit (D) is dominant over sphere-shaped fruit (d). If a squash plant pure-breeding for white, disk shaped fruit is crossed with a plant pure breedig for yellow, sphere shaped fruit, CACULATE GENOTYPIC AND PHENOTYPIC RATIOS

Genotypic ratio = 16 WwDd: 0

Phenotypic ratio = 16 white, disk shaped fruit : 0 yellow, sphere shaped fruit

Explanation:

This question involves two different genes coding for fruit color and fruit shape respectively. The allele for white fruit color (W) is dominant over yellow fruit color (w) and disk shaped fruit (D) is dominant over sphere-shaped fruit (d).

According to this question, If a squash plant pure-breeding for white, disk shaped fruit (WWDD) is crossed with a plant pure breeding for yellow, sphere shaped fruit (wwdd), the following gametes will be produced by each GAMETE:

WWDD - WD, WD, WD, WD

wwdd - wd, wd, wd, wd

Using these gametes in a punnet square, all of the offsprings will have genotype WwDd, which is phenotypically white and disk shaped fruit.

The genotypic ratio is 4 WwDd: 0

The phenotypic ratio is 16 white, disk shaped fruit : 0 yellow, sphere shaped fruit.

the last one: artificial selection/genetic engineering

plant breeding is modifying the genetic composition of the plant - but this isn't cloning (which is specifically introducing a gene into a genome). but you are artificially selecting for the phenotype that you want.

the second one is literally genetic engineering - the gene would have been cloned first and then inserted or genetically engineered into the new plant cell (the cotton).

1. aerobic

2. lactic acid fermentation

3. glycolysis

4. anaerobic

5. alcohol fermentation