Wolbachia pipentis is a species of bacteria that infect fruit flies. When the genome of the fruit fly was sequenced, it was found that most of the genome of the bacteria had been integrated into the fruit fly genome. Describe what has happened between these two organisms.

A. This passing of genes between organisms of different species is caused by mutations. This type of gene transfer can increase genetic variation only, if it happens in the cells that produce eggs and sperm.
B. This passing of genes between organisms of different species is called gene recombination and happens during sexual reproduction. This type of gene transfer has no effect on genetic variation.
C. This passing of genes between organisms of different species is caused by gene duplications. This type of gene transfer can increase genetic variation, if the duplicated genes acquire new functions.
D. This passing of genes between organisms of different species is called lateral gene transfer. This type of gene transfer can increase genetic variation, and therefore diversity.

interphase

the period of cell growth when the cell synthesizes new molecules and organelles. the cell is not dividing and it constitutes the majority of the time spent in the cell cycle

prophase

changes occur in the nucleus and cytoplasm. the chromatin condenses to form structures (sister chromatids) visible with a light microscope and the mitotic spindle begins to form, but the nucleus is still in tact

prometaphase

the nuclear envelope fragments and the spindle microtubules attach to the kinetochores of the sister chromatids

metaphase

all the cell's duplicated chromosomes are lined up at an imaginary plane equidistant between the poles of the mitotic spindle

anaphase

begins when sister chromatids separate from each other and ending when a complete set of daughter chromosomes arrives at each of the two poles of the cell

telophase

the daughter nuclei form at the two poles of a cell

cytokinesis

the division of a cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells. usually occurs during telophase during mitosis. this and mitosis make up to mitotic (m) phase of the cell cycle