How many gene pairs are needed to affect skin color?

 At least four pairs of alleles are involved in skin color, and there are nine (or more) shades of skin color. The bionomial expansion (a + b)6 can also be used to display the cross in Table 1, where the letter a represents the number of capital letters and the letter b represents the number of small case letters.

Explanation:

the calvin cycle has three stages. in stage 1, the enzyme rubisco incorporates carbon dioxide into an organic molecule. in stage 2, the organic molecule is reduced. in stage 3, rubp, the molecule that starts the cycle, is regenerated so that the cycle can continue

only about ten percent of the energy at one trophic level is passed on to organisms at the next trophic level. the remainder of the energy is used in life processes or lost as heat.