Alix accepted a proposal from Tsar Nikolas II of Russia. Looking at the Russian royalty, there are a number of unknown issues. Both Alix and Nikolas II, along with all five of their children, were assassinated during the Russian Revolution. It is known that their only son, Alexis, was a sufferer of hemophilia (therefore Alix must have been a carrier). None of their daughters expressed the disease, but they were too young to have had children, so we do not know if they were carriers. Knowing what you do about genotypes and inheritance, what is the probability any of their daughters would have been a carrier for hemophilia?

Explanation:

which kind of note is this one

genetic variation can be caused by mutation (which can create entirely new alleles in a population), random mating, random fertilization, and recombination between homologous chromosomes during meiosis (which reshuffles alleles within an organism's offspring).

cells use diffusion to get substances in and out of themselves. that diffusion will occur across the cell membrane or the outer covering of the cell. because we are talking about the surface of the cell, surface area and volume are  important factors here. as a cell increases in size, its surface area and volume increase as well.  we call that the surface area to volume ratio (sa: vol).  but the catch is that  volume increases at a greater rate than surface  area. in other words, as a cell gets bigger, the sa: vol gets smaller. so a really small cell like bacteria is mostly cell membrane (surface) with very little contents (volume). a really big cell like an egg, is mostly insides with a super thin membrane. so what ends up happening is that the cell cannot efficiently diffuse all of the stuff it needs in/out to survive. therefore cell size is limited to about 100mm. so how do we make organisms bigger than 100mm? cells divide! by dividing and becoming multicellular, organisms are able to grow!   check out the diagrams i attached to see the effect of sa: vol. i hope this ! good luck!