Protons from splitting water accumulate in the thylakoid space generate a gradient which forces the protons into the enzyme ATPase syntheses to generate more ATP. True or False

Which is an advantage of having memory cells when a pathogen is encountered for a second time. a) the memory cells are what proliferate into clones of cells in response to the binding of an antigen. b) memory cells are vital to the primary immune response in that they immediately recognize pathogens even at the first encounter. c) memory cells are essentially effector cells that are short lived and attack antigens even without having a receptor specific to that antigen. d) it ensures that more lymphocytes with a receptor specific to a particular antigen will be present than in a host that had never encountered that pathogen.

What are levels of ecology and how can we remember them

The lineage of pea plants produced round seeds for four generations. the plants that fertilized these pea plants also produced round seeds. however, in the fifth generation, the plant produced to two plants with wrinkled seeds. can that be possible?