Which of the following statements about earth’s cycles is not true? a. earth’s cycles move matter between abiotic and biotic factors of the environment. b. the various cycles found on earth are vital to life. c. some of earth’s cycles are a direct result of human action. d. earth’s cycles convert nonliving elements into forms usable by organisms.

The correct answer would be option C.

Earth's cycle or biogeochemical cycles refer to the cycling of matter between biotic (living organisms such as plants, animals, microbes) and abiotic components (air, water, soil) of the earth.

Examples may include carbon cycle, water cycle, nitrogen cycle et cetera.

These cycles are vital for the very survival of all the living organisms including human beings.

None of the cycles are a direct result of human actions. Instead, human activities disturb the balance of these cycles.  

For example, deforestation disturbs both water and carbon cycle.

answer: substrate concentration. enzymes work best when there is a high enough substrate concentration for the reaction they catalyse.

it has to be understood that the sea water contains a huge amount of sodium and chlorine ions and if they enter the cell of the atlantic cod fish, the cell will shrivel and the fish will die. to avoid such a condition, the fish uses active transport for the purpose of removing the ions against the gradient.

explanation:

the atlantic cod is not a maritime osmoconformer. its native application of salts is less than that of the seawater it lives in. it is continually falling water from the gills to the ocean via osmosis.

countering that, the fish is going to be swallowing seawater. but since its internal collection of salts is lower than seawater, the fish will want to go free of excess salt, and since that's going upon a gradient, then active transport, requiring energy, must be used to pump out the salt. much marine fish use the organs to filter out the salt and these fish discharge very straight urine.