1. what is the consequences of chargaff's second parity rule on the secondary structure of the individual DNA strand ? 2. How does darwinian selection affect the second parity rule?
3. what is the consequences of RNA being generally purine loaded?
4. what is RNA kissing?
5. provide most common example of RNA kissing
6. In pairing of meiotic chromosome, how would kissing mechanism help in recombination event between homologous chromosomes?

i believe it is "they are not used up by reactions" as the answer to your question, text me back if this is correct because i just learned this.

enzyme active site and substrate specificity

enzymes bind with chemical reactants called substrates. there may be one or more substrates for each type of enzyme, depending on the particular chemical reaction. in some reactions, a single-reactant substrate is broken down into multiple products

the dna molecules have a negative charge because of the phosphate groups in their sugar-phosphate backbone, so they start moving through the matrix of the gel towards the positive pole. power is turned on and dna fragments migrate through gel (towards the positive electrode).

explanation: