Explain the different types of chromosomal mutations?

There are four different types of chromosomal mutations: Deletions, Translocations, Duplications and Inversions (pictured below). Note that any chromosome mutation resulting in a significant loss of genetic material (Deletion) is most likely to be lethal.

deletion is where a section of a chromosome is removed.

translocation is where a section of a chromosome is added to another chromosome that is not its homologous partner.

inversion is where a section of a chromosome is reversed.

duplication occurs when a section of a chromosome is added from its homologous partner.

Chromosome mutations are often lethal as the chromosome structure is altered.

measuring light intensity

light meters can be used to measure light intensity. the meter is held at the soil surface and pointed in the direction of the maximum light intensity, and then the meter is read.

errors can be made when measuring light intensity by accidentally shading the light meter. the reliability of the results can be checked by taking many samples.