The article states: Lichen are like tiny sponges. They take in food from the environment. They take in
water, too. They also, however, take in poisonous pollutants. In other locations, all
but the toughest species of lichen have been wiped out.
The author uses these sentences mostly to help the reader
A
Compare lichen to other animal species that can be found in Yosemite
B
Know that scientists believe that lichen in Yosemite will die out very soon
с
Understand how lichen take in food and water from the environment
D
Know why lichen are thought to be one of nature's best signs of air pollution


cells use diffusion to get substances in and out of themselves. that diffusion will occur across the cell membrane or the outer covering of the cell. because we are talking about the surface of the cell, surface area and volume are  important factors here. as a cell increases in size, its surface area and volume increase as well.  we call that the surface area to volume ratio (sa: vol).  but the catch is that  volume increases at a greater rate than surface  area. in other words, as a cell gets bigger, the sa: vol gets smaller. so a really small cell like bacteria is mostly cell membrane (surface) with very little contents (volume). a really big cell like an egg, is mostly insides with a super thin membrane. so what ends up happening is that the cell cannot efficiently diffuse all of the stuff it needs in/out to survive. therefore cell size is limited to about 100mm. so how do we make organisms bigger than 100mm? cells divide! by dividing and becoming multicellular, organisms are able to grow!   check out the diagrams i attached to see the effect of sa: vol. i hope this ! good luck!

it marks things for degradation via the proteasome. it alters there celluar location.