Scientists use a technique called to make multiple copies of DNA sequences. Scientists can also make by combining DNA from two different sources. One of the sources may be bacteria, which have circular DNA molecules called When bacteria undergo transformation, they can be identified by . 1. gel electrophoresis
DNA ligation
recombinant DNA
the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

2. plasmids
polyploidy
messenger RNA
recombinant DNA

3. polyploidy
recombinant DNA
plasmids
telomeres

4. nucleotides
genetic markers
telomeres
polyploidy