Examine the distribution of body morphology across the phylogenies. Use the terms homology, homoplasy, and convergence to describe the evolution of body form among Archaea and Bacteria. Hint: do all of the rod-shaped organisms form a monophyletic group? How about the cocci? What does this likely mean about the evolution of body morphology?

What type of appendages do sponges cnidarians roundworms annelids mollusks arthropods echinoderms and vertebrate have? jointed, not jointed, absent  

The small molecule cyclic amp (camp) takes about 0.2 second to diffuse 10 μm, on average, in a cell. suppose that camp is produced near the plasma membrane on one end of the cell; how long will it take for this camp to diffuse through the cytosol and reach the opposite end of a very large cell, on average? assume that the cell is 200 μm in diameter.

18. how do the cells in meiosis differ from the cells in mitosis?