Explain how brassinosteroids are synthesised, perceived and promote plant growth and development. Please give named examples and critical analysis to support your answer

Brassinosteroids are synthesized from phytosterols and they promote plant growth and development by modulating cellular processes (e.g, cell division, elongation, photomorphogenesis, responses to environmental stimuli, etc).

Explanation:

Brassinosteroids are phytohormones similar to steroid hormones. Phytosterols include sitosterol, campesterol, and stigmasterol, i.e., lipid (cholesterol) molecules that form the cell membranes. These polyhydroxylated steroidal phytohormones play a wide range of cellular roles during plant growth, development and immunity. Examples of brassinosteroid functions include plant development, xylem differentiation, responses to biotic/abiotic stresses, reproduction, etc. For example, campesterol, which is a precursor of brassinosteroid hormones, is an integral membrane component that functions during plant embryogenesis by regulating the permeability of cell membranes and by altering membrane-associated proteins, as well as signal transduction pathways.

haploid cells;

"a.) well–developed vascular system."