Provide a scientific explanation on how a mutation to the 17th nitrogen base of DNA leads to the formation of sickle cell hemoglobin protein instead of normal hemoglobin protein.

Change in DNA leads to change in the structure of the cell.

Explanation:

Mutation in the 17th nitrogen base of DNA leads to the formation of sickle cell hemoglobin protein instead of normal hemoglobin protein because mutation is the sudden change that occur in the genes of a cell which change the genetic makeup of the cell. So when change occur in the DNA, a sickle cell is formed instead of normal hemoglobin. Normal hemoglobin only formed when the no change occur in the nitrogen base of DNA.

it provides an alternative energy pathway for the reaction to proceed.

a catalyst is a substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction but is not consumed during the course of the reaction.

catalysts increase the rate of reaction without being used up. they do this by lowering the activation energy needed. with a catalyst, more collisions result in a reaction, so the rate of reaction increases. different reactions need different catalysts.

a catalyst works by providing an alternative reaction pathway to the reaction product. the rate of the reaction is increased as this alternative route has a lower activation energy than the reaction route not mediated by the catalyst.