How are primary and secondary succession similar and how are they different?

Primary and secondary succession occur after both human and natural events that cause drastic change in the makeup of an area. Primary succession occurs in areas where there is no soil and secondary succession occurs in areas where there is soil.

Both human and natural activities that result in a substantial change in the composition of an area create primary and secondary succession. In locations where there is no soil, primary succession takes place, and in areas where there is soil, secondary succession takes place.

Explanation:

c. earths continental crust is thicker than its lithosphere.

because, the lithosphere is the outermost layer of the earth/ 100 km thick and is defined by its machanical properties.the lithosphere contains oceanic and continental crust that varies in age and thickness across locations and geologic time. the lithosphere is the coolest layer of the earth in terms of temperature. the term lithosphere should not be confused with the use of "geosphere" which is used to indicate all of earth systems, including the atmosphere, hydrosphere   and biosphere. the surface of the earth can be divided into the continental crust and the oceanic crust.   the continental crust is made mostly of granite while the oceanic crust is made of basalt. the average thickness of the continental crust is 25 miles and the average thickness of the oceanic crust is 5 miles.   three types of rock, igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic, make up the surface of the earth. that's why 3 option is preferable.

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