How are mutations to reproductive cells, or gametes, different than mutations to other cells in the body?

Germ-line mutations occur in reproductive cells (sperm or eggs) and are passed to an organism's offspring during sexual reproduction. Somatic mutations occur in non-reproductive cells; they are passed to daughter cells during mitosis but not to offspring during sexual reproduction.

1. is geographic distribution

2 is increasing complexity

3 is transitional forms

energy per photon is e = h*c / λ  

e = 6.63*10^-34 * 3*10^8 / 6*10^-7 j = 3.315*10^-19 j  

nr. of photons = 10j / 3.315*10 = ^-19 j per photon = 3.02*10^19 photons