Could someone help me on cause-and-effect

In the family tree below, people with the recessive trait of attached earlobes are shaded gray.

In a cladogram, what occurs at a node? a derived trait appears. evolution is stopped. an ancestor dies. the cladogram ends. aa as s as ss what are the chances that their offspring will have sickle cell anemia? 0% 25% 50% 100%

What tool do geneticists use to predict the outcome of genetic crosses? a. karyotype b. punnett square c. centrifuge