If the earth were closer to the sun, the intense heat might evaporate the oceans and create an atmosphere similar to the atmosphere of venus mars jupiter the moon

this protocol provides a detailed procedure for co-immunoprecipitation (co-ip) to identify protein–protein interactions.

the sugar-phosphate backbone forms the structural framework of nucleic acids, including dna and rna. this backbone is composed of alternating sugar and phosphate groups, and defines directionality of the molecule.