Ons of the elements oxygen (O), sulfur (S), and selenium (Se) usually have charges of 2-. Ions of the elements fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), and bromine (Br) usually have charges of 1-. This demonstrates that

for example, no new evidence will demonstrate that the earth does not orbit around the sun (heliocentric theory), or that living things are not made of cells (cell theory), that matter is not composed of atoms, or that the surface of the earth is not divided into solid plates that have moved over geological timescales .