12 A student performed an investigation in which two ivy plants were planted in two separate containers. One of the containers had earthworms mixed in with the soil,
and the other container had soil and no earthworms. The plants were given the
same amount of water and exposed to the same amount of sunlight. The student
observed that after several weeks of growth, the plant exposed to earthworms
appeared to be healthier and exhibited more growth. To conclude that the
relationship between the plant and the earthworm is an example of mutualism, the
student must perform follow-up investigations that do which of the following?
F Determine whether the earthworms damage the soil in any way
G Determine whether the earthworms benefit from being with the plant
H Determine whether the water given to the plant is unpolluted
J Determine whether the other plant in the investigation suffers as a result of not
being exposed to earthworms

Glucose is broken down in different ways, both in the presence and in the absence of oxygen. using the table for reference, what major products are formed in each reaction set?

The kidney filters potentially toxic substances in the blood, and thus “clears” the blood of those substances. this clearance function is dependent upon and proportional to the diffusion gradient of the substance across filtering capillaries, i. e. if the concentration of the substance is doubled, twice as much will be cleared from each ml of blood that is filtered. suppose that the body produces a constant amount of a substance x per unit of time. the kidneys eliminate substance x at a rate directly proportional to the concentration of the substance and the volume of blood cleared each minute (c): elimination = c × [x], where [x] is the steady-state concentration of substance x. imagine an individual with an initial concentration of x equal to [x]0 who develops kidney disease. her baseline clearance c0 drops to one half of the original (½c0). what is the new steady state concentration of x? (for simplicity, assume that substance x is 100% filtered by the kidney).

Which of the following is a testable hypotheses?