In prokaryotes, the error rate in protein synthesis may be as high as 5 × 10−4 per codon. What fraction of polypeptides containing (a) 500 residues or (b) 2000 residues would you expect to contain at least one amino acid substitution?

(a) 2.5 residues

(b) 10 residues

Explanation:

The amino acid substitution rate is a measure of evolutionary change for a given taxonomic group, species, etc. In general, this value is accompanied by a unit of time (often, the number of generations in prokaryotic organisms).

1 codon = 1 amino acid

Error rate >> 5 × 10−4 per codon = 50/ 10,000 (i.e. 50 amino acid substitutions per 10,000 residues)

500 residues >>  (500 x 50)/ 10,000 = 2.5 residues

2000 residues >>  (2,000 x 50)/ 10,000 =  10 residues

the most common energy conversion is from kinetic energy to potential energy, and then from potential energy to kinetic energy.

later on comes the heat energy, mechanical energy, and other energy conversions.

this energy conversion is so common that we can find it in our day to day lives as well.

- one of the most common energy conversions involves the changing of potential energy to kinetic energy or kinetic energy to potential energy

cells use diffusion to get substances in and out of themselves. that diffusion will occur across the cell membrane or the outer covering of the cell. because we are talking about the surface of the cell, surface area and volume are  important factors here. as a cell increases in size, its surface area and volume increase as well.  we call that the surface area to volume ratio (sa: vol).  but the catch is that  volume increases at a greater rate than surface  area. in other words, as a cell gets bigger, the sa: vol gets smaller. so a really small cell like bacteria is mostly cell membrane (surface) with very little contents (volume). a really big cell like an egg, is mostly insides with a super thin membrane. so what ends up happening is that the cell cannot efficiently diffuse all of the stuff it needs in/out to survive. therefore cell size is limited to about 100mm. so how do we make organisms bigger than 100mm? cells divide! by dividing and becoming multicellular, organisms are able to grow!   check out the diagrams i attached to see the effect of sa: vol. i hope this ! good luck!