Clostridium perfringens causes gas gangrene, a serious infection of the muscle tissues that can lead to amputation. Clostridium are Gram-positive endospore-formers and obligate anaerobes that are killed when exposed to oxygen. Which of the following virulence factors would be most helpful to this organism in establishing an infection? Hints

Hint 1.

In order to establish a successful infection, a pathogen must arrive at a susceptible site, adhere, invade, acquire nutrients, and grow.

Clostridium perfringens causes gas gangrene, a serious infection of the muscle tissues that can lead to amputation. Clostridium are Gram-positive endospore-formers and obligate anaerobes that are killed when exposed to oxygen. Which of the following virulence factors would be most helpful to this organism in establishing an infection?

A endotoxin
B nuclease, an enzyme that breaks down nucleic acids
C collagenase, an enzyme that destroys collagen, which is a major protein of connective tissues
D a neurotoxin
Which phenotypic assay could be used to determine whether a new Streptococcus spp. is of the pyogenes or viridans group?

hemolytic type after growth on a blood agar plate
product(s) formed during lactose fermentation
catalase assay with H2O2
occurrence of cells being in clusters or as individual cells under a microscope

there’s no image attached but i can if you want: )

cells use diffusion to get substances in and out of themselves. that diffusion will occur across the cell membrane or the outer covering of the cell. because we are talking about the surface of the cell, surface area and volume are  important factors here. as a cell increases in size, its surface area and volume increase as well.  we call that the surface area to volume ratio (sa: vol).  but the catch is that  volume increases at a greater rate than surface  area. in other words, as a cell gets bigger, the sa: vol gets smaller. so a really small cell like bacteria is mostly cell membrane (surface) with very little contents (volume). a really big cell like an egg, is mostly insides with a super thin membrane. so what ends up happening is that the cell cannot efficiently diffuse all of the stuff it needs in/out to survive. therefore cell size is limited to about 100mm. so how do we make organisms bigger than 100mm? cells divide! by dividing and becoming multicellular, organisms are able to grow!   check out the diagrams i attached to see the effect of sa: vol. i hope this ! good luck!

bru what tyep of qus is dis

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