Ecology and evolution of infectious diseasesgenomics"Tree of All Life"global There are many fields of biology, and in some branches, biologists are concerned with tiny

, while others study vast

. Biologists who study how the activities of all living organisms affect both the atmosphere and climate are working in the field of

. Researchers who seek to replace damaged genes or to genetically engineer bacteria are studying

. Some biologists work to combine the latest genetic information with computer technology to organize all living things into a single universal

. Scientists concerned with HIV, bird flu, drug-resistant bacteria, and other pathogens are researching the

, while others who look at the entire sets of DNA code contained in a wide range of organisms are studying

When a virus infects a host cell, it uses the cell's machinery to make copies of its own genetic material in a process called replication. finally, during the process of self-assembly, that protein shell and the copies of the virus's genetic material are assembled into new viruses.

Ibelieve the answer is c. 

answer: carbon 14 can only be used to determine the age of the organisms that were once living, and igneous rocks are non living.

explanation:

carbon 14 dating is used to determine the age of the sample by estimating the amount of carbon 14 present in the sample and then comparing it with a reference standard.carbon 14 is a isotope of carbon which is radioactive and unstable. carbon 14 is assimilated by all plants and animals throughout their life from carbon dioxide. however, one the organisms die they stop this assimilation and the carbon 14 content starts to decrease.by knowing how much of carbon 14 is left in an organism after his death, one can estimate the age of the organism. the materials whose age can be estimated by carbon 14 method are the organic compounds. however, some inorganic compounds such as aragonite   shell can also be dated.however, if we consider the igneous rocks it is a non living component which never accumulated carbon 14 in it and thus, we cannot use carbon 14 dating method to estimate its age.