What is the general term for the processes in the environment that threaten homeoStasis?

Which element provides strength to the exoskeleton of clams and oysters

Neelaredoxin is a 15-kda protein that is a gene product common in anaerobic prokaryotes. it has superoxide-scavenging activity, and it is constitutively expressed. in addition, its expression is not further induced during its exposure to o2 or h2o2 (silva, g., et al. 2001. j. bacteriol. 183: 4413–4420). which of the following statements best describes neelaredoxin synthesis? a-neelaredoxin is produced at all times; levels are constant even when exposed to o2 or h2o2.b-neelaredoxin is produced at all times; exposure to o2 or h2o2 increases expression. c-neelaredoxin is produced at all times; exposure to o2 or h2o2 decreases or prevents expression. d-neelaredoxin is only produced when there is exposure to o2 or h2o2.

Explain light independent reactions