The concentration of potassium ions is 5 mM outside and 100 mM inside, but the membrane is impermeable to these ions. We will keep the intracellular and extracellular fluids electroneutral by making sure that there's an appropriate number of matching negative ions (depicted as ‘A-’ above) on both sides of the membrane. If we measure Em in this new situation, it will be:
0 mV.
positive.
negative.

compost can be added to topsoil as a:

pesticide

those characteristics are cellular organization, reproduction, metabolism, homeostasis, heredity, response to stimuli, growth and development, and adaptation through evolution. some things, such as a virus, demonstrate only a few of these characteristics and are, therefore, not alive

i believe it's c. the trait for large beaks will be passed on to future generations through natural selection.

since eventually smaller beaks would have to find another source of food or even eventually just die out from the lack of food.