In tomatoes, dwarf (d) is recessive to tall (D), and opaque (light-green) leaves (op) are recessive to green leaves (Op). The loci that determine height and leaf color are linked and separated by a distance of 7 m. u. For each of the following crosses, determine the phenotypes and proportions of progeny produced. A. D Op/ d op*d op/d op
B. D op/ d Op*d op/d op
C. D Op/d op*D Op/op d op
D. D op/d Op*D op/d Op

a). D Op / d op X d op / d op –Parents

as we know,

Distance (m.u.) = Recombination frequency (%)

D Op / d op genotype produces 4 types of gametes as below:

Recombinant gametes (7%):

D op = 3.5% ,    d Op= 3.5%

Non-recombinant gametes (93%):

D Op= 46.5% ,   d OP =46.5%

Genotype, d op / dop produces only one type of gametes, d op.

                                                    d op

D OP (46.5%)                    D OP/d op (46.5%) = Tall, green

D op (3.5%)                        D op/d op (3.5%) = Tall, opaque

d OP (3.5%)                        d OP/d op (3.5%)= Dwarf, green

d op (46.5%)                       d op/d op (46.5%) = Dwarf, opaque

b).  similarily D op / d Op X d op / d op –Parents

Distance (m.u.) = Recombination frequency (%)

D op / d Op genotype produces 4 types of gametes similarily as in case a,

Genotype, d op / dop produces only one type of gametes, d op.

                                                            d op

D OP (3.5%)                        D OP/d op (3.5%) = Tall, green

D op (46.5%)                       D op/d op (46.5%) = Tall, opaque

d OP (46.5%)                       d OP/d op (46.5%)= Dwarf, green

d op (3.5%)                          d op/d op (3.5%) = Dwarf, opaque

c).  D Op / d op X D Op / d op -----Parents

D Op / d op genotype produces 4 types of gametes as below:

Recombinant gametes (7%):

D op = 3.5% = 0.035 , d Op= 3.5%=0.035

Non-recombinant gametes (93%):

D Op= 46.5%=0.465 ,  d OP =46.5%=0.465

The table is attached for C.

d).  D op / d Op X D op / d Op –Parents

Distance (m.u.) = Recombination frequency (%)

siliarily as a, b, and c gametes are four with the same frequency and table for the answer is attached

Recombinant gametes (7%):

D op = 3.5% = 0.035 , d Op= 3.5%=0.035

Non-recombinant gametes (93%):

D Op= 46.5%=0.465 ,  d OP =46.5%=0.465

cells use diffusion to get substances in and out of themselves. that diffusion will occur across the cell membrane or the outer covering of the cell. because we are talking about the surface of the cell, surface area and volume are  important factors here. as a cell increases in size, its surface area and volume increase as well.  we call that the surface area to volume ratio (sa: vol).  but the catch is that  volume increases at a greater rate than surface  area. in other words, as a cell gets bigger, the sa: vol gets smaller. so a really small cell like bacteria is mostly cell membrane (surface) with very little contents (volume). a really big cell like an egg, is mostly insides with a super thin membrane. so what ends up happening is that the cell cannot efficiently diffuse all of the stuff it needs in/out to survive. therefore cell size is limited to about 100mm. so how do we make organisms bigger than 100mm? cells divide! by dividing and becoming multicellular, organisms are able to grow!   check out the diagrams i attached to see the effect of sa: vol. i hope this ! good luck!