The color varieties of sunflower pollen are determined by two interacting loci: A_B_ gives orange pollen, aaB_ gives yellow, and _ _bb produces cream colored. Assume that two fully heterozygous plants are crossed. Give the phenotypes (with frequencies) of the offspring. What type of gene interaction would account for these results?

This is an illustration of epistasis type of gene interaction.

Explanation:

On crossing AaBb * AaBb, the offspring produced are mentioned in the Punnett square given in the attachment below. Based on the Punnett square, the phenotypic ratio will be 9 (orange): 4 (cream) : 3 (yellow).  

The given case is an illustration of the epistasis kind of gene interaction. When two or more distinct gene loci take part in the formation of similar phenotype, however, not additively is termed as epistasis, that is, it is the non-allelic association between the alleles situated at a distinct gene locus. In the phenomenon of epistasis, one of the gene loci modifies or masks the phenotype of a second gene locus.  

both anaerobic and aerobic respiration use glucose (or other carbohydrates), proteins and lipids to produce atp and nadh. cell uses those energy molecules, obtained from food and   breaks them down during the chemical reactions of respiration. in anaerobic respiration, nadh is regenerated to nad+ by enzymes lactate dehydrogenase (lactate is produced, e.g. in muscle cells) or by alcohol dehydrogenase where ethanol is produced (alcohol fermentation), while in aerobic respiration, electrons from nadh are deposited in the mitochondria to regenerate nad+ (electron transport chain. anaerobic respiration produces 2 atp per molecule of glucose compared to aerobic respiration where about 38 atp molecules are produced.