You are studying the plunderfish Harpagifer bispinis. This fish lives in social groups in the cold waters of Antarctica. When a pair of Harpagifer mate, the female lays her eggs in a nest on the seafloor, and that nest is then fertilized and guarded by a male plunderfish for 4 to 5 months. You find that if the male is removed after it has fertilized the eggs, another male will often but not always 'volunteer to take over guarding the eggs. You conduct a series of observational studies to try to determine what mechanism(s) might be driving this behavior. You have 4 hypotheses for this apparently altruistic behavior: H1: Reciprocity H2: Kin selection/Inclusive fitness
H3: Multi-level selection
H4: Nest guarding is driven by a greenbeard allele.
Which hypothesis would predict that the most distant relative for which male Harpagifer bispinis would perform nest-guarding would be given by the equation Br-C>0, where B is the benefit to the relative, r is the relatedness, and C is the cost to the male guarding the nest?
H1
H2
H3
H4
All of the above
None of the Above
Explain:After careful observation of Harpagifer you notice that each male takes a turn guarding nests for the social group. By comparison against genetic tests done on large numbers of Harpagifer, you are able to show that related Harpagifer are not more likely to guard one another's nests than they are to guard the nests of unrelated Harpagifer. Circle any of your hypotheses that are RULED OUT or made less likely by this information:
H1
H2
H3
H4
None