How does the kidney maintain blood pH

The kidney filters potentially toxic substances in the blood, and thus “clears” the blood of those substances. this clearance function is dependent upon and proportional to the diffusion gradient of the substance across filtering capillaries, i. e. if the concentration of the substance is doubled, twice as much will be cleared from each ml of blood that is filtered. suppose that the body produces a constant amount of a substance x per unit of time. the kidneys eliminate substance x at a rate directly proportional to the concentration of the substance and the volume of blood cleared each minute (c): elimination = c × [x], where [x] is the steady-state concentration of substance x. imagine an individual with an initial concentration of x equal to [x]0 who develops kidney disease. her baseline clearance c0 drops to one half of the original (½c0). what is the new steady state concentration of x? (for simplicity, assume that substance x is 100% filtered by the kidney).

Which group of protists would be most likely to have cilia as adults and why? (1 point)the sporozoan protists would since they have to spread their spores around. the heterotrophic protists would since they use them to gather food. the parasitic protists would since they need to find other organisms to attack. the autotrophic protists would since they must move to find light.

According to these anatomical structures which two animals are probably most closely related