Pedigrees are used to help geneticists understand how traits are inherited between generations. The Romanovs, a Russian royal family, had a history of hemophilia, a sex-linked disorder that is determined by a recessive allele on the X chromosome. A genetic pedigree is shown. Irene is a carrier. Her husband is not a carrier. Her children Waldemar and Henry have hemophilia. What is the best evidence to prove that Irene was heterozygous for hemophilia?

regents of the university of california v. bakke, 438 u.s. 265 (1978), was a landmark decision by the supreme court of the united states. it upheld affirmative action, allowing race to be one of several factors in college admission policy.

many other transport proteins, often called pumps, move materials against a concentration gradient. active transport drives molecules across a membrane from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration. this process, shown in figure 5.1, uses transport proteins powered by chemi- cal energy.

population. population is the number of people or animals in a particular place. an example of population is over eight million people living in new york city.

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