A scientist is examining the function of macromolecules in a cell. She notices that movement of large molecules into and out of the cell is disrupted when she damages one specific type of macromolecule. Which macromolecule has she most likely damaged?
a carbohydrate
a steroid
a nucleic acid
a protein

Construct at least two possible hypotheses for the student’s experiment.

What is the significance of the protein-lined pits? a. protein attracts other proteins needed for atp synthesis within the cell. b. protein-lined pits are able to transport one molecule at a time down the concentration gradient within the cell. c. the polarity of proteins allows other polar molecules to attach and be transported in the cell by transport channels. d. receptors within the pits allow ligands to fuse and be transported into the cell by endocytosis.

Astudy by solloch and et. al., in 2017, gives the map above which shows the frequency of alleles with a ccr5-delta32 mutations over 87 different countries. this mutation deletes the presence of a co-receptor (ccr5) on the outside of human t-cells (lymphocytes). some viruses, such as the one responsible for the black death and human immunodeficiency virus (hiv), require this receptor for attachment to host cells during the infection process. the black death was an epidemic that passed over northern europe during the 14th century killing nearly 60% of europeans. according to this information, which explanation best explains why northern europeans show a greater immunity for hiv than some other parts of the world?