Describe the effect of amanitin on the maximum elongation rate for the wild-type and modified RNA polymerases

The effect of amanitin on the maximum elongation rate for the wild-type and modified RNA polymerases is that it binds to the RNA polymerases, and reduces the process of translocation which is essential for RNA synthesis that is required for RNA polymerases elongation.

Explanation:

Amanitin is a peptide that is cyclic in nature. It is repelled by water thereby making it an hydrophobic peptide.

Amanitin is a toxic peptide that is found in Amanita ( a type of mushroom).

Alpha Amanitin in particular is the one that affects the elongation rate of RNA Polymerases in the body.

When Alpha Amanitin gets into the body system, it travels straight to the liver and due to its very strong affinity for RNA polymerases, it immediately attaches itself to them.

After the attachment, Alpha Amanitin, is disturbs the bridge helix found in RNA polymerase, preventing the hindering and slowing down the proces of translocation from happening.

Once translocation is hindered, RNA is no longer synthesized. Hence, the elongation of RNA polymerases is hindered and this results in severe illness in the body such as liver failure, cytolysis of the liver

cells use diffusion to get substances in and out of themselves. that diffusion will occur across the cell membrane or the outer covering of the cell. because we are talking about the surface of the cell, surface area and volume are  important factors here. as a cell increases in size, its surface area and volume increase as well.  we call that the surface area to volume ratio (sa: vol).  but the catch is that  volume increases at a greater rate than surface  area. in other words, as a cell gets bigger, the sa: vol gets smaller. so a really small cell like bacteria is mostly cell membrane (surface) with very little contents (volume). a really big cell like an egg, is mostly insides with a super thin membrane. so what ends up happening is that the cell cannot efficiently diffuse all of the stuff it needs in/out to survive. therefore cell size is limited to about 100mm. so how do we make organisms bigger than 100mm? cells divide! by dividing and becoming multicellular, organisms are able to grow!   check out the diagrams i attached to see the effect of sa: vol. i hope this ! good luck!