Escherichia coli can generate energy under anaerobic growth conditions by fermentation, converting glucose to a mixture of ethanol and lactate. Under these conditions, the F1Fo ATP synthase is not required for ATP synthesis. Instead, the enzyme runs in reverse, hydrolyzing ATP and pumping protons out of the cell across the cytoplasmic membrane. This is a strategy that appears to waste ATP, so what is the physiological rationale for the ATP synthase running backwards when ATP is being made by fermentation? [Tip: you may need to do some research to answer this question, but also think about the mechanism of flagellar rotation].

Texas has an impending storm, and california is experiencing a water crisis. match the technologies with the state that can use them to reduce the effects eddies natural hazards. texas is the storm cellar and the wood that is crisscrossed. california is the dam and the storage tanks

Which of the following scenarios is an example of the bottleneck effect? answers a in south africa, much of the afrikaner population is descended from a small number of dutch colonists. in this population, this is an unusually high frequency of pseudoxanthoma elasticum (pxe), an elastic tissue disorder. b four white-tailed deer are introduced to a park in finland. thirty years after their introduction scientists compare the genes in the population and find that there is no variation. c during the industrial revolution, london's air became filled with soot. as a result, birds started eating more of the lighter moths because they were easier to spot than their darker counterparts. over time, the moth population changed so that there were more darker moths than lighter ones. d 10% of the population of american alligators in an area have the recessive trait albinism. a massive flood results in the death of 80% of the population. of the remaining population, 60% have the recessive trait of albinism.

When proteins are being produced by a cell, scientist say that the genes are question 2 options: activated turned off replicated deactivated