What are the four basic characteristics that result in natural selection? Explain how bacteria encountering an antibiotic exhibit each of these characteristics. How was "cycling" supposed to slow the evolution of antibiotic resistant bacteria? What situation did Carl build a model of? What did that model predict? How did he test his model? Describe one situation in which you could use an experiment to test a hypothesis about evolution. What are some of the benefits of using a computer model to test an idea instead of an experiment?

Explanation:

1) Four characteristics that results in natural selection are: 1)reproduction,

2)heredity,

3)variation in fitness

4)variation in individual

Antibiotic resistance of bacteria can not be described as instance of evolution but as a kind of variation arround some kind of bacteria.

Antibiotics refers to substances that are secreted by bacteria and fungi to destroy other bacteria that can be competing for small nutrients with them.this substances is used in treatment of people today

Some bacteria have become resistant to antibiotics by different type of alterations as well as mutations, in each their DNA.

Bacteria that are resistant to modern antibiotics has been detected in dead bodies that has been frozen before the discoveries of the antibiotics

Bacteria can become resistance by these different ways such as;

1. Through mutation

2) through Gene transfer( DNA swapping

An antibiotic kills a bacterial cell by simply disrupting a critical function. This is achieved in the cell in much the same way that a saboteur can cause a massive jetliner to crash by simply cutting the hydraulic lines.

2) Antibiotic cycling refers to process in which antibiotic heterogeneity takes place.it is a method use in ICU where the emergency of resistance that takes place because of small antibiotics class is reduced.

3)Carl's modeling evolution is found in antibiotic resistance process, modelling of new human pathogens, especially HIV. He also model on how evolution of pathogens is affected by immune system . modeling gives room to make predictions about evolution.

4)Some experiment were conducted by Charles Darwin to support hypothesis of evolution, such experiment included phototropism also insectivorous nature of Drosera.

5)The Main benefit of using

computer model to test an idea instead of an experiment are to do the thorough Study the behavior of a system even you haven't build it. The results from the simulation is usually accurate when , compared to analytical model. It is very simple to perform and helps to detect un-expected phenomenon about the system

prophase: we can observe the chromosomes to coil up and condense. they become visible. nuclear membrane and envelope disintigrate.s

metaphase: chromosomes align at the center, the metaphase plate. spindle fibers attach to centromeres of the sister chromatids. they meet at kinetochores.

anaphase: sister chromatids are pulled towards each opposing centromere, set on different poles.

telophase: chromosomes are now clustered up only on either sides of the cell. nuclear membranes reform, and a new cell wall forms along the cell plate. this will lead to cytokinesis, the process that divides the cell membrane and forms the cell wall.