Which of the following is necessary for the light-independent reactions to proceed?

a) chlorophyll
b) oxygen
c) atp
d) nadp

Is snow a type of precipitation? explain why or why not.

Mouse liver cells were homogenized and the homogenate subjected to equilibrium density-gradient centrifugation with sucrose gradients. fractions obtained from these gradients were assayed for marker molecules (i. e., molecules that are limited to specific organelles). the results of these assays are shown in the figure. the marker molecules have the following functions: cytochrome oxidase is an enzyme involved in the process by which atp is formed in the complete aerobic degradation of glucose or fatty acids; ribosomal rna forms part of the protein-synthesizing ribosomes; catalase catalyzes decomposition of hydrogen peroxide; acid phosphatase hydrolysis monophosphoric esters at acid ph; cytidylyltransferase is involved in phospholipid biosynthesis; and amino acid permease aids in transport of amino acids across membranes. a) name the marker molecule and give the number of the fraction that is most enriched for each of the following cell components: lysosomes; peroxisomes; mitochondria; plasma membrane; rough endoplasmic reticulum; smooth endoplasmic reticulum.

2. how does the miller-urey experiment fall short of demonstrating that life can arise from inorganic molecules? explain. a. it doesn't show a leap between a collection of amino acids and a single-celled organism. b. it recreates the conditions that existed at the earth's beginning, but no molecules form as a result. c. it doesn't provide evidence of the formation of amino acids. d. it doesn't show how multicellular organisms developed from unicellular organisms