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If a cell starts with 16 chromosomes how many chromosomes will it have
at the end of the synthesis stage of the cell cycle?

Organisms are classified, or grouped into categories, based on similarities in their characteristics and/or evolutionary relationships. the study of how organisms are classified is known as

Keeping in mind the life cycle of bacteriophages, consider the following problem: during the reproductive cycle of a temperate bacteriophage, the viral dna inserts into the bacterial chromosome where the resultant prophage behaves much like a trojan horse. it can remain quiescent, or it can become lytic and initiate a burst of progeny viruses. several operons maintain the prophage state by interacting with a repressor that keeps the lytic cycle in check. insults (ultraviolet light, for example) to the bacterial cell lead to a partial breakdown of the repressor, which in turn causes the production of enzymes involved in the lytic cycle. as stated in this simple form, would you consider this system of regulation to be operating under positive or negative control?

What best explains the inability for life to exist in earth early atmosphere