Active and passive transport of solutes across a membrane typically differ in which of the following ways? a] active transport is usually against the concentration gradient of the solute, whereas passive transport is always down the concentration gradient of the solute.
b] active transport always involves the utilization of cellular energy, whereas passive transport does not require cellular energy.
c] active transport always requires the use of transport proteins, but passive transport can sometimes be accomplished without a protein.
d] the first and second choices are correct.
e] the first, second, and third choices are all correct.

Based on the observations provided, what is the relationship of current diabetes medication use and the use of extract from ginko biloba? a) the anti-inflammatory properties of ginko biloba extract are beneficial in treating t2d separate from the benefits of other therapies. b) the overall abundance of ginko biloba makes this extract an attractive joint therapy for existing medications that are used to treat t2d. c) the side effects of t2d medications have resulted in the need for different therapies to treat t2d like the use of ginko biloba extract. d) clinical outcomes from the use of current t2d medications may be improved through the use of cost-effective ginko biloba extract treatment. e) previous studies with ginko biloba and current t2d medications do not support the use of these treatments as effective against t2d in patients.