Some studies have indicated that infant microbiota can be manipulated by removing pathogenic bacteria from the gut. HMO is a complex mixture of 200 different human milk oligosaccharides that are not digestible by most bacteria. Briefly describe the mechanism by which HMO is able to remove pathogenic bacteria from the gut? (only the first answer will be considered; only your answer within the allotted space immediately below this question will be considered).

Human milk oligosaccharides act as a soluble decoy receptors which is responsible for the blockage of bonds between enteric pathogens and epithelial cells which helps in reducing the risk of infection caused by retrovirus.

Explanation:

Human milk oligosaccharides are the sugar molecules which cannot be digested by the body of newly born baby. These sugar molecules remove the harmful viruses which are present in the gut of infant and the baby is save from infection.

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a tetrad is the foursome during meiosis made by two homologous chromosomes that have each already replicated into a pair of sister chromatids.