In a pedigree, squares are and circles are . Fully shaded circles and squares represent . Half-shaded circle represents a .

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Explanation:

In a pedigree,a circle represents a female. A square represents a male.Half-shaded circle or square indicates that a person is a carrier of the trait. A completely shaded circle or square indicates that a person expresses the trait.

d. groundwater flows through the subsoil and deposits minerals.