The physical characteristics of a cell influence how it functions. For example, the surface area and volume of a cell affect how efficiently waste is removed from the cell via diffusion.
The table below shows data for four different cuboidal cells.
Cuboidal cell Side length (\mu\text{m}μmmu, start text, m, end text)
Cell A 222
Cell B 444
Cell C 666
Cell D 888
Surface area of a cube: A = 6s^2A=6s
2
A, equals, 6, s, squared
Volume of a cube: V = s^3V=s
3
V, equals, s, cubed
Using the information from the table, what is the surface-area-to-volume ratio for the cuboidal cell that removes waste via diffusion most efficiently?

To answer this question, researchers studied populations of the dusky salamander (desmognathus ochrophaeus) living on different mountain ranges in the southern appalachian mountains. the researchers tested the reproductive isolation of pairs of salamander populations by leaving one male and one female together and later checking the females for the presence of sperm. four mating combinations were tested for each pair of populations (a and b)—two within the same population (female a with male a and female b with male b) and two between populations (female a with male b and female b with male a). the proportion of successful matings for each mating combination was measured. for example, when all the matings of a particular combination were successful, the researchers gave it a value of 1; when none of the matings were successful, they gave it a value of 0. then the researchers calculated an index of reproductive isolation that ranged from 0 (no isolation) to 2 (full isolation). the reproductive isolation value for two populations is the sum of the proportion of successful matings of each type within populations (aa + bb) minus the sum of the proportion of successful matings of each type between populations (ab + ba). the table provides data for the geographic distances and reproductive isolation values for 27 pairs of dusky salamander populations.

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