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18. Penny: Used to measure mineral toughness; Cuprum penny's toughness is 3.

Hand Lens: Could be used to measure the hardness of the mineral; the glass can be used as a scratch platform; it can also be used to test the luster of the mineral tile; the mineral is rubbed in the glass portion of the tile and a powdery strike of the stone is given to distinguish the colour of the rock.

Geological hammer: Used to break down the mineral to assess whether or not it has cleavage, and to detect fractures

Pocketknife: Used to define mineral tenacity; the tenacity of the mineral can be silky, malleable, sectile, elastic, or flexible.

17. Volcanoes are holes or cracks in the lava-flowing crust of the earth. They are normally placed on the borders of tectonic plates as they are created as the plates clash and create gaps. In other words, volcanoes located at convergent-plate boundaries.

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