What is the most likely mechanism of action for #2 (transduction) in the model above?
les )
A)The ligand creates changes within the cell that eventually leads to DNA
mutation.
B)The original molecule changes conformation (shape) several times within
the cytoplasm.
C)The original ligand is converted into a carbohydrate for energy use in the
transduction pathway.
D)The original binding of the ligand initiates an intracellular cascade that
includes a second messenger and amplification of the message.

option D

Explanation:

The model depicts the transduction pathway in cell signalling. Cells have proteins called receptors that may be found on the surface of the membrane that bind to signaling molecules also called ligand outside the cell and subsequently transmit the signal through a sequence of molecular switches to internal signaling pathways initiating physiological responses. Once a receptor forms a complex with a ligand, it undergoes a conformational change, which initiates a series of biochemical reactions within the cell. These intracellular signaling pathways, also called signal transduction cascades, functions in the amplification of the signal, producing multiple intracellular signals for every one receptor that is bound.

Receptor activation can stimulate the synthesis of small molecules called second messengers, which initiate and coordinate intracellular signaling pathways. an example include the cyclic AMP.

In summary, the process of cell signaling or communication involves:

Reception- a receptor at the cell surface detects chemical signals.

Transduction-a conformational change in receptor stimulates other changes including signal-transduction pathways.

Response-almost any cellular activity including activation of cell division, apoptosis etc.

it would be rhyolitic hope this

the african cheetah.

this species has a relatively low level of genetic

variation because the population was reduced to a small size approxi-

mately 10,000 to 12,000 years ago.

chapter   outline

24.1

genes in populations and the hardy-

weinberg equation

24.2

factors that change allele and genotype

frequencies in populations

24.3     sources of new genetic variation

population   genetics

24

until   now,   we   have   primarily   focused   our   attention   on   genes  

within   individuals   and   their   related   family   members.   in   this  

chapter   and   chapters   25   and   26   ,   we   turn   to   the   study   of   genes   in  

a   population   or   species.   the   field   of

population   genetics

  is   con-

cerned   with   changes   in   genetic   variation   within   a   group   of   indi-

viduals   over   time.   population   geneticists   want   to   know   the   extent  

of   genetic   variation   within   populations,   why   it   exists,   and   how   it  

changes   over   the   course   of   many   generations.   the   field   of   popu-

lation   genetics   emerged   as   a   branch   of   genetics   in   the   1920s   and  

1930s.   its   mathematical   foundations   were   developed   by   theoreti-

cians   who   extended   the   principles   of   gregor   mendel   and   charles  

darwin   by   deriving   formulas   to   explain   the   occurrence   of   geno-

types   within   populations.   these   foundations   can   be   largely   attrib-

uted to three scientists: sir ronald fisher, sewall wright, and j. b. s.

haldane.   as   we   will   see,   support   for   their   mathematical   theories  

was provided by several researchers who analyzed the genetic com-

position   of   natural   and   experimental   populations.   more   recently,  

population   geneticists   have   used   techniques   to   probe   genetic  

variation   at   the   molecular   level.   in   addition,   staggering   advances  

in   computer   technology   have   aided   population   geneticists   in   the  

analysis   of   their   genetic   theories   and   data.   in   this   chapter,   we   will  

explore   the   genetic   variation   that   occurs   in   populations   and   con-

sider   the   reasons   why   the   genetic   composition   of   populations   may  

change over the course of several generations