Which of the following best describes all pioneer species?
species that colonize new surfaces
species that compete with other organisms
species at the top of the food chain
species that cooperate with other organisms

species that colonize new surfaces

Explanation: pioneer species are species that first colonize an environment It could be a barren land or a distrupt land that has been abandoned for a long time. some of the environment or soil are usually poor and plants found around such areas have long root and hard to adapt to the environment. Pioneer plant forms the basis of diversity and the initial stage of sucession. Example includes Algae,mosses

correct answer: understand the different control methods available

integrated pest management is an strategy that is based on the ecosystem and try to prevent the pest and the damage caused by them by applying combination of technique like habitat manipulation, biological control and use of resistant varieties.

the main aim of the integrated pest management is not to completely eliminate the pest but to strengthen the ecosystem so that conditions are favorable for plants and unfavorable for pests.