In cells, genes are segments of DNA that code for proteins; not sugars or complex carbohydrates, or lipids, but proteins. The code in the sequence of nucleotides in a gene specifies the sequence of nucleotides in messenger RNA which in turn specifies the sequence of amino acids in a protein. The sequence is variable because of mutations which can change the sequence of amino acids in the protein coded for by that gene. Therefore, in evolution, a change in a single code for a single amino acid may have an effect on individual survival. Proteins carry out many functions in a cell such as:.

1. amino acid refers to the fundamental building block of proteins, comprising of an amino group and a carboxyl group.

2. catalyst refers to any substance, which increases the rate of chemical reaction without being used up in the reaction.

3. a complex molecule containing he genetic code is dna or deoxyribonucleic acid.

4. an enzyme refers to a molecule of protein, which is unique in accelerating up a particular chemical reaction in the biological systems.

5. nucleic acid refers to an sequence of sugars, phosphates, and nitrogenous bases, for example, dna and rna.

6. a protein refers to a large, composite organic molecule comprising of a huge number of amino acids associated together with the of peptide bonds.

7. rna refers to a nucleic acid that takes part in the production of proteins.

8. substrate refers to a compound, which takes part in a chemical reaction, and is chemically modified by the reaction.

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